(A) The tax structure was reformed
(b) The educational gap between different population groups was reduced
(c) More jobs could be found for people of Asian-African origin
(d) Real income increased
(e) A system of price controls was implemented
27. The standard of living of Asian - African immigrants has improved as measured by all of the following
factors except
(a) Higher income levels
(b) Better housing
(c) Increased ownership of consumer durables
(d) A shift in population centres
(e) An increased proportion of Asian - African families in higher income brackets.
28. It may be inferred that the author of the passage is an
(a) Engineer (b) Food specialist (c) Economist
(d) Bank president (e) Efficiency expert
29. Even though the income level of families of Asian - Africa origin increased relatively, their average
income is still
(a) Only about equal to that of other groups
(b) About 70 percent of the overall national average
(c) Close to the national average, but slightly below
(d) About 50 percent of the national average
(e) About 25 percent of the national average
30. Between 1997 and 2000, the standard of living of the urban population
(a) Declined (b) Increased (c) Stagnated (D) Remained constant (e) Doubled
PASSAGE II (Questions 31 – 40)
Much has been written about the need for increasing our knowledge of marketing in other countries and how
different marketing systems operate in delivering goods and services to consumers. Indian businessmen have
long been interested in foreign markets for the purpose of stimulating trade. Analysis of the mechanisms of
the given country's internal trade and the structural and environmental factors of its marketing system are
necessary to the success of an Indian firm's marketing efforts aboard.
Knowledge of a country's marketing system is of equal importance to the potential investor. Information
pertaining to channels of distribution, promotional facilities, and the marketing experience of management
should have weight in the investment decision equal to factors such as financing the possibility of
expropriation and plant location. Moreover, Indian businessmen are certainly not limited to investment in
manufacturing industry aboard; there may be profitable opportunities for the introduction of Indian marketing
institutions and techniques in other countries. The extent to which Indian rupees should be channeled into the
introduction of Indian marketing innovations depend upon the answers to the following questions: (1) to what
extent is it possible to " transplant" Indian marketing operations or institutions to foreign countries, and (2)
would such transplantations, if successful, contribute to the economic development of the recipient country?
In light of the above, research is needed to determine the factors responsible for the acceptance and growth
of marketing innovations so that an understanding of the adoption process can aid Indian businessmen
contemplating the introduction of similar marketing techniques in other developing countries.
Take the case of the marketing innovation: self-service. Whether self -service shops can be successful
outside India depends upon sufficient population density, consumer income and the availability of suitable
store locations and manpower. But even when these environmental forces are positive, cultural constraints
may still serve as a barrier to the development of self-server. For example, a packaged food industry cannot
develop unless culturally developed habits of buying only "fresh" foods and produce can be overcome.
Moreover, consumers must be sufficiently literate to select products from store shelves without the help of
sales clerks.
The traditional pattern of shopping (in many countries) at different locations for each category of goods -e.g.
dairy products, vegetables, meat, etc. is a custom that has been learned and reinforced over many years. It
does not break down easily. Daily shopping trips may be re of a social Endeavour, provided the housewife
can have contract with her friends at the local market or grocery, although hand-to-mouth buying may also
result from low incomes and lack of refrigerating and storage facilities.
In Israel, the first supermarket was successful in changing the shopping patterns of many housewives who
traditionally shopped at different stores for meat, dairy products, vegetables and fruit, and baked goods.
Housewives preferred the self-service shop because it refaced total shopping time and offered quality food at
lower prices. Working women switched to the self-service shop because it is open during their lunch hour,
unlike the small shops that close at midday for several hours. Besides introducing a wider assortment of
products at lower prices, standardized packaging, pricing, and quality was offered to the Israeli consumer.
Although prepackaged meats and produce were not accepted by many consumers at first, there are
indications that buying habits have changed. For example, packaged meat now accounts for about 25 percent
of total sales of Israel's two major self-service food chains.
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